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BRIEF INTRODUCTION
The novel coronavirus pneumonia, referred to as "novel coronavirus pneumonia", named "2019 coronavirus disease "by the World Health Organization, refers to the pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus infection.Since December 2019, some hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei Province have successively found a number of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause with a history of exposure to South China seafood market, which have been confirmed as acute respiratory infectious diseases caused by 2019 novel coronavirus infection.
On February 11, 2020, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus announced in Geneva, Switzerland, that the pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus has been named "COVID-19". On February 22, the NHC issued a notice that the English name of "novel coronavirus pneumonia" was revised to "COVID-19". On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that the current COVID-19 outbreak can be called a global pandemic. China held a National Day of mourning on April 4. On August 18, the National Health Commission revised and completed the novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment protocol (trial version 8). On September 3, the co-chairs of the WHO Expert Group on COVID-19 Response Assessment announced the list of members of the expert group at a briefing of member states, and Zhong Nanshan was selected.
On September 24, 2022, Singapore's Lianhe Zaobao website reported that World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus pointed out that there is still a long way to go before the COVID-19 epidemic is declared over.
VIRUS CHARACTERISTICS
Pathogenesis
According to the available case data, the main manifestations of the novel coronavirus pneumonia are fever, dry cough and fatigue, and a small number of patients have upper respiratory and digestive tract symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose and diarrhea. Most of the severe cases developed dyspnea after 1 week, and the severe cases rapidly progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, difficult to correct metabolic acidosis and coagulation dysfunction and multiple organ failure. It is worth noting that severe and critically ill patients may have moderate and low fever during the course of the disease, or even no obvious fever. Mild patients only showed low fever, slight fatigue, and no pneumonia. According to the situation of the cases admitted at present, most patients have a good prognosis, and a few patients are in critical condition. The prognosis is worse for the elderly and those with chronic underlying diseases. Children have relatively mild symptoms.
Epidemic Characteristics
On 11 March 2020, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that the COVID-19 outbreak has assumed the characteristics of a pandemic.
Speaking at a regular press conference in Geneva, Tedros said the extent and severity of the outbreak were deeply concerning, "so we assess that the COVID-19 situation has assumed the characteristics of a pandemic." He said: "We have never seen a pandemic caused by a coronavirus before. We've never seen a controlled pandemic before." He stressed that describing the outbreak as a "pandemic" does not change the WHO's assessment of its threat, "it does not change what WHO is doing and it does not change what countries should be doing."
The novel coronavirus pneumonia is in its early and rapidly changing stage. China has released the full genome sequence of the novel coronavirus that causes the novel coronavirus pneumonia, which will help global scientists and public health organizations join the research and development of diagnostic reagents and research on the pathogenicity of the virus. The National Health Commission (NHC) has issued Notice No. 1, including pneumonia infected by the novel coronavirus into the Class B infectious diseases stipulated in the Law on the Prevention and control of infectious diseases, but take prevention and control measures for class A infectious diseases, and include it in the management of quarantinable infectious diseases.
Epidemic Level
On 28 February 2020, the WHO daily report on the COVID-19 situation raised the regional and global risk levels to the highest level of "very high", in line with China, from "high".
On March 11, 2020 local time, World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus announced that, based on its assessment, WHO believes that the current COVID-19 outbreak can be called a pandemic.
Transmission Route
According to CCTV news, the Shanghai Epidemic prevention and Control conference introduced: Health and epidemic prevention experts stressed that the confirmed transmission routes of the novel coronavirus pneumonia are mainly direct transmission, aerosol transmission and contact transmission. Direct transmission refers to the infection caused by the patient's sneezing, coughing, speaking droplets, and exhaled gas directly inhaled at close range. Aerosol transmission means that droplets are mixed in the air to form aerosols, which can lead to infection after inhalation. Contact transmission refers to droplets deposited on the surface of objects, contact contaminated hands, and then contact the mouth, nose, eyes and other mucous membranes, resulting in infection.
On June 14, 2021, Canadian researchers published a paper in the British journal Nature Communications, finding that the new coronavirus can infect North American deer mice and spread between mice.
On December 1, 2021 local time, Environment and Climate Change Canada issued a press briefing announcing that for the first time, wild animals in Canada were found to be infected with the novel coronavirus.
On May 4, 2022, the US Health Life News network published a report that a study by the University of Michigan found that the possibility of airborne transmission of the new coronavirus is 1,000 times that of contact with surfaces. Researchers at the University of Michigan examined air and surface samples on college campuses and found that the probability of inhaling viral particles is greater than the probability of infection by finger contact.
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